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A torque converter in modern usage, is usually a fluid coupling which is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, like for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Similar to a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a substantial difference between output and input rotational speed.
The fluid coupling type is actually the most common kind of torque converter used in auto transmissions. During the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or also called Constantinesco converter. There are various mechanical designs used for continuously variable transmissions that can multiply torque. For instance, the Variomatic is a version which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that is incapable of multiplying torque. A torque converter has an added element that is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
Within a torque converter, there are at least of three rotating components: the turbine, so as to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the turbine and the impeller so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any situation and this is where the word stator starts from. In reality, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still allowing forward rotation.
Alterations to the basic three element design have been incorporated at times. These alterations have proven worthy particularly in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is considered necessary. More often than not, these alterations have taken the form of multiple stators and turbines. Each set has been intended to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several examples comprise the Dynaflow that makes use of a five element converter to be able to generate the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various car converters include a lock-up clutch to be able to reduce heat and to improve the cruising power and transmission effectiveness, though it is not strictly component of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
